Before starting a business in the United States, it is important to understand tax requirements. Depending on your products, services, and location, you may need a Sales Tax Permit to collect, report, and submit sales taxes right.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Texas is one of the best states to start a business thanks to its lack of state income tax. However, businesses may still be subject to the Texas Franchise Tax, which helps fund public services and supports state infrastructure.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Hiring employees is a milestone for an LLC. Along with growth come new responsibilities involving wages, tax withholding, records, payment schedules, and government filings. Payroll may seem simple, but a system requires planning.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Starting a business is exciting, but navigating tax and legal requirements can be challenging. If you're forming an LLC in the U.S., understanding key tax terms like the EIN is essential to launch and manage your business easily.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The Delaware Franchise Tax is one of the most important obligations for businesses registered in Delaware. Although many people believe it is an income tax, it is actually a state fee that certain entities must pay annually.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Filing taxes for the first time in the USA can seem overwhelming. Whether you've recently moved, started a business, or begun earning income, understanding the process is essential to stay compliant and avoid tax issues.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Registering an LLC in the U.S. protects your assets and builds strong business foundations. However, as your income scales, the standard tax structure can become a burden that limits your long-term growth in today's competitive market.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Operating a U.S. LLC offers key advantages in asset protection and operational flexibility. Yet as the end of the fiscal year approaches, one of the most complex accounting questions for entrepreneurs arises: how to file LLC taxes.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The ITIN allows individuals who are not eligible for a Social Security Number to meet their tax obligations in the United States. As digital services continue to expand, more people are choosing to begin this application process online.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A Limited Liability Company is the popular business structure in the United States. It protects owners’ personal assets by separating them from financial and legal liabilities, while offering flexible management and taxation options.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Properly managing your taxes goes beyond filing tax returns on time. Effective tax planning helps reduce risks, take advantage of available tax incentives, and make smarter financial decisions with greater confidence.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The U.S. tax system includes various taxes, and FICA is one of the most important for both employees and employers because it funds essential programs such as Social Security and Medicare across the country.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understanding how to file prior-year tax returns is essential for meeting obligations and protecting your status. Resolving pending filings helps avoid penalties maintain accurate records, and stay compliant with IRS requirements.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
US tax law allows certain taxes to be deferred through Tax Deferral. This strategy helps improve cash flow, optimize financial planning, and manage available resources while supporting tax decisions for individuals and businesses.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) are international treaties that reduce tax burdens when two countries tax the same income. Understanding them helps optimize businesses, improve tax planning, and support cross-border operations.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The AMT (Alternative Minimum Tax) is an alternative tax in the U.S. designed to ensure that taxpayers with high incomes, deductions, or tax benefits pay a minimum amount of federal taxes under current tax rules. It guides planning.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the United States, tax management requires handling current obligations and accumulated resources. Planning future benefits and applying tax strategies allows individuals and businesses to improve financial efficiency.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
For a foreign business owner, understanding the U.S. financial system is essential. A bank statement demonstrates that your business is actively operating and that your personal and business finances remain clearly separated.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Each year, U.S. taxpayers must evaluate how income affects taxes. Tax Brackets establish income ranges and applicable rates within the federal system, helping plan tax obligations and financial strategies more effectively as well.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A business letter strengthens your company's professional image. Learn why it is essential for building trust, credibility, and professionalism in every business communication while reinforcing your brand. Improve your presence.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Managing business assets in the U.S. requires understanding tax tools. FORM 4562 allows businesses and self-employed individuals to report depreciation and amortization, improving asset management and tax planning.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When analyzing a company’s tax management, it is important to understand what FORM 944 is and why it matters. Properly understanding this return allows employers to meet tax obligations and optimize financial processes efficiently.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Investment decisions depend on capital, expected returns, and tax effects. Understanding tax tools allows investors and businesses to manage resources, optimize outcomes, and assess fiscal impact of each transaction with accuracy.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understanding gross pay allows you to manage income, optimize resources, and improve financial planning. Openbiz helps you understand its impact on payroll and strengthen the management of your financial and tax obligations.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Advance payments are common in business transactions and require proper documentation. An advance payment receipt records these funds and provides clarity regarding the commitments agreed upon by the parties in each transaction.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the U.S. tax world, it’s not enough to know forms, deadlines, or tax types. It’s also essential to understand how the tax authority operates internally. In this context, the IRM becomes a key tool for understanding the system’s.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When evaluating the financial or legal status of a person or property, it is common to ask what liens are and why they are so important in legal, financial, and asset-related matters, helping support informed decision-making.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The Form 1099-K is one of the most important tax documents for individuals and businesses receiving payments through electronic platforms in the United States. In a world where digital payments are growing every day.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Many people consider a Roth IRA to optimize their taxes and save for retirement. Understanding how this account works helps you make smarter financial decisions and maximize its long-term tax benefits in the United States.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understanding your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is essential for filing your U.S. tax return accurately. This calculation affects your eligibility for deductions, tax credits, and other benefits while improving financial planning.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The W7 FORM is one of the most important documents for individuals who need to fulfill their tax obligations in the United States but do not qualify for a Social Security Number. Beyond being a simple procedure, this form allows access to an ITIN.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The FBAR is part of the reporting obligations for individuals and entities that maintain foreign financial accounts. Understanding when it must be filed and who is required to file it is essential for complying with U.S. regulations.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the world of personal finance, maintaining control over debt can become a real challenge. Many people live with the constant feeling that their money is not enough, even when they make efforts to stay up to date.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A payment agreement is a formal arrangement that allows you to repay a debt through scheduled installments. Learn how it works, its benefits, the requirements to apply, and how to keep your financial obligations up to date.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A revenue model is framework that defines how a business, project, or professional generates income and organizes its revenue sources to maintain a profitable and sustainable operation over time while supporting long-term growth.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Tax reduction allows you to legally lower your tax burden through deductions, tax credits, and tax incentives. Applying these strategies correctly helps optimize your resources while staying compliant with your tax obligations.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A retention agreement establishes how payments, deductions, and financial obligations are managed between a company and its employees. Its application provides clarity and helps prevent confusion in resource management.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the financial and retirement savings landscape, having a solid plan does not mean relying solely on Social Security. One of the most important mechanisms in the United States to secure future financial well-being is the 401(k) plan.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the tax field, complying with tax obligations does not always mean making a single payment per year. In many countries, taxpayers must make periodic advance payments known as provisional tax returns.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the financial, accounting, and business management fields, choosing the best alternative among several options is not simply a matter of preference, but a strategic decision that can directly impact an organization’s profitability.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In administrative and legal contexts, having documentation that proves your place of residence can be an essential requirement for carrying out various procedures. In this context, a proof of residence is an official document that certifies.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When analyzing a pay stub, one of the most frequent questions is what payroll deductions are and how they impact net salary. Understanding this concept is essential for both employees and employers, as it allows for proper interpretation of payments.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The question of what strategic social responsibility is arises when analyzing how companies can generate a positive social impact without neglecting profitability. This approach integrates social and environmental objectives within the business strategy.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When analyzing the financial situation of an individual or a business, one of the most common questions is what gross income is and why this concept holds a central place in accounting and taxation. Understanding clearly what gross income is allows for the correct interpretation of financial statements.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In the tax field, formal compliance is just as important as timely tax payments. One of the most requested documents in commercial, financial, and administrative processes is the tax certificate, an official document that certifies.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In any modern tax system, one reality is clear: not all taxpayers contribute the same volume of resources to the state. A small group accounts for a significant portion of total revenue and supports a substantial share of public funding.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
In legal, academic, and financial matters, deadlines are common. When more time is needed to meet an obligation, an extension may apply. Learn what an extension is, how it works, and when it can be used correctly.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Stay ahead with the 2026 U.S. tax calendar. Learn critical IRS deadlines for LLCs, Corporations, and estimated payments to ensure your business remains compliant.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The United States’ financial system is backed by a central institution that influences credit, inflation, and the country’s economic stability. If you’ve ever wondered what the Federal Reserve is, you’re looking at one of the most important pillars of the U.S. economic system.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Learn what net salary means, how it differs from gross pay, and the most common payroll deductions when registering your company with OpenBiz in the United States.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Avoid expensive federal fines when registering your business in the U.S. Learn about FinCEN requirements, Form 5472, and how to keep your LLC compliant.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Calculating taxes from your salary is one of the most important, yet often most confusing, tasks for any worker or business owner, especially when operating within the legal framework of the United States.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Learn what accrued interest is and how it impacts your U.S. company's accounting and taxes. Discover how to calculate it and optimize your IRS tax deductions.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understand what is taxation and its impact on your U.S. company. Learn about federal taxes, state nexus, and how OpenBiz simplifies IRS compliance for you.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The tax withholding certificate is one of the most important tax documents for both individuals and businesses, serving as a formal proof that taxes were correctly withheld according to the law. Although many people may perceive it as a simple receipt.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
One of the most common questions among entrepreneurs, freelancers, and small business owners is whether gas is deductible on taxes when operating in the United States. Vehicle use is often a key part of daily business activities.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Knowing how much you can deduct in medical expenses is one of the most common questions among taxpayers in the United States, especially for those facing high healthcare costs during the year. While not all medical expenses are deductible.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Informational returns are a key component of the tax systems of many countries, especially when it comes to commercial operations, third-party payments, and money flows between individuals or companies. Although they do not always involve the direct payment of taxes.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Income accounts represent the origin of a company’s financial resources and are essential for evaluating whether a business is truly profitable and sustainable over time.Beyond being a basic accounting concept, these records allow businesses.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The relationship between a hiring party and an independent contractor is one of the most common arrangements within the labor and business environment in the United States. More and more companies choose to work with independent professionals.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understanding how federal tax works in the United States is one of the most important steps for anyone planning to start a business, invest, or expand operations in this country. The U.S. tax system is one of the most comprehensive.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The Form I-9 is one of the most important documents within the U.S. employment system. Although many people see it as a simple administrative requirement, it actually serves a critical purpose: verifying identity and legal authorization.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Form 990 is one of the most important tax documents for nonprofit organizations operating in the United States. Beyond being a filing requirement with the IRS, this form plays a key role in financial transparency.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Understanding what taxable income is and how it is determined is essential for anyone planning to start a business, invest, or expand their operations into the United States. The U.S. tax system requires that every taxpayer.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you think about taxes in the United States, the IRS and federal taxes usually come to mind first. But if you want to operate seriously in this country — whether with a company, an online store, or professional services.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you start moving in the world of business in the United States, sooner or later you come across concepts such as direct taxes, indirect taxes, withholding, filings… And if you live outside the U.S. or are a non-resident.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
If you have income in the United States, a business registered there, or you simply need to file federal taxes, chances are that at some point you’ll need IRS taxpayer assistance. Not everything can be resolved with online forms.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The question “what happens if I don’t file my annual tax return” may seem simple, but it carries many implications if you earn income in the United States, work there, or have a company registered in the country.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you begin researching how to live, work, or do business in the United States, sooner or later you will come across the Social Security Administration and the well-known acronym: SSN (Social Security Number).
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Offshore companies often generate doubts, myths, and misunderstandings. For some, they represent opaque structures; for others, a legitimate tool for international expansion and asset protection. The reality is that an offshore.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
If you’re thinking about doing business with a U.S. company—whether investing, working with them, hiring them as a provider, or entering a partnership—it’s completely reasonable to ask yourself how to know if a company is legal.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you’re considering doing business, investing, or opening a company in the United States, sooner or later a key question appears: but, how do you choose among U.S. banks, and which one is right for your situation?
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you manage a business in the United States or are looking to expand into the U.S. market, one of the key concepts you need to understand is the electronic payment receipt. Although each country has its own invoicing.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When reviewing legal concepts in the United States, it is common to come across terms such as natural person and legal person. Although they may seem like simple definitions, understanding the difference is essential.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When a business sells services in the United States, it’s not enough to invoice—you must also know whether that service is subject to sales and use tax and in which jurisdictions.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you plan your taxes in the United States, few tools are as powerful as a tax credit. Unlike deductions— which only reduce your taxable income— a tax credit reduces your final tax dollar for dollar.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Receiving a tax refund is one of the most anticipated moments of the U.S. tax season. For many people, this money represents financial relief, savings, or an opportunity to invest.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When people talk about the Fed USA, many think of a distant institution reserved for economists, but its decisions directly affect the lives of millions of people and businesses inside and outside the United States.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The income tax is one of the cornerstones of the U.S. tax system. More than an annual obligation, it’s a structured mechanism that determines how taxable income is calculated, which deductions apply, and how taxpayers report their earnings.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Complying with U.S. tax regulations can be challenging—especially when you manage your business from abroad. Tax laws evolve frequently, deadlines are strict, and small mistakes can lead to penalties or the loss of benefits.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A worksheet is a structured document used to organize information, perform calculations, and analyze data. It helps collect, process, and interpret information for accounting, education, administrative, and business purposes.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you run a company —or are about to open one in the U.S.— there’s an uncomfortable reality: many key decisions depend on your signature. A bank closing, a supplier contract, a tax filing, or a payment authorization.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
A lien-free property is one of the most valuable conditions in the U.S. real estate and business landscape. It means that the property has no mortgages, encumbrances, or legal claims that restrict its sale or transfer.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you operate or plan to operate in the U.S., understanding what tax-exempt income is helps you structure financial decisions more effectively and avoid paying taxes that the law doesn’t require.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The work permit in the United States is a critical document for both employees and companies. While it’s often associated with immigrants seeking employment, its implications for businesses are substantial.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Reporting a business that doesn’t pay taxes is not only an act of civic responsibility but also a way to protect fair competition. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides official channels for reporting companies or individuals who evade their tax obligations.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you operate a business in the United States or generate income subject to federal taxation, it is essential to understand what happens if the IRS determines that you have an outstanding tax debt.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Hiring an accountant can be one of the most important financial decisions for any business owner. A good accounting professional helps you stay compliant with tax laws, keep your finances organized, and avoid costly IRS penalties.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
When you file your tax return in the United States, it’s possible that you paid more taxes than you actually owed. When that happens, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) recognizes that you have a refund or credit balance, meaning the government owes you money.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Tax withholding is a core mechanism in the U.S. tax system. In simple terms, a portion of your income is automatically deducted before you receive your pay. That amount is sent directly to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as an advance payment toward the taxes you’ll owe at year-end.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Knowing how to get your Social Security Number (SSN) is essential for working legally, filing taxes, opening a bank account, accessing benefits, and completing multiple legal and financial processes in the United States.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The concept of marital status goes far beyond a simple box on a form. It defines your legal relationship with the state and can directly influence your rights, obligations, and even how you file your taxes.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
The concept of royalties appears in different fields, from the extraction of natural resources to the use of intellectual works such as books, songs, or patents. Although it is a widely used term in the economic and legal world, it often raises doubts about its true scope and operation.
Julian Drago
Stanford GSB · Business Scaling Program
ProgramUniversity of Buenos Aires · Public Accounting
Starting a business is exciting, but navigating tax and legal requirements can be challenging. If you're forming an LLC in the U.S., understanding key tax terms like the EIN is essential to launch and manage your business easily.
Registering an LLC in the U.S. protects your assets and builds strong business foundations. However, as your income scales, the standard tax structure can become a burden that limits your long-term growth in today's competitive market.
Operating a U.S. LLC offers key advantages in asset protection and operational flexibility. Yet as the end of the fiscal year approaches, one of the most complex accounting questions for entrepreneurs arises: how to file LLC taxes.
A Limited Liability Company is the popular business structure in the United States. It protects owners’ personal assets by separating them from financial and legal liabilities, while offering flexible management and taxation options.
If you are in the process of creating an LLC (Limited Liability Company) in the United States, one of the most important documents you can have—although not mandatory in many states—is the Operating Agreement.
When you’re running a business, every financial decision directly impacts profitability and long-term sustainability. If you're considering applying for a line of credit, a business credit card, or any type of financing, it’s essential to look beyond just the interest rate and understand the CAT, or Total Annual Cost.
Access to a U.S. bank account is no longer a privilege reserved for citizens or residents. Thanks to virtual bank accounts, anyone —regardless of their country of origin— can now manage money in U.S. dollars, send remittances, shop online, or even invest, all without ever setting foot in a traditional bank branch.
The ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is a nine-digit tax ID issued by the U.S. IRS. It is used by individuals who are required to meet tax obligations in the United States but are not eligible for a Social Security Number.
The W-8BEN Form is one of the most important documents concerning the taxation of income from U.S. sources for foreign or nonresident individuals and entities.
Choosing the right legal structure for your business is an important decision that can have a significant impact on your company's operations and finances. Two common choices for businesses in the United States are the Limited Liability Company (LLC) and the C Corporation (C-Corp).
If you’re thinking about expanding your business horizons or starting a new venture in the United States, one of the most important strategic decisions you’ll make is choosing the right legal structure.
In today’s competitive and connected business world, protecting sensitive information is essential. Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) safeguard valuable data and help strengthen any company’s long-term success.
INC is short for "Incorporated," referring to a corporation a common legal structure used in many countries, particularly the United States, to establish a business.
The EIN is the tax identification number issued by the IRS in the United States. This nine-digit number is essential for opening business bank accounts, filing taxes, hiring employees, and legally operating your business.
A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business structure recognized in the United States that combines the personal liability protection of a corporation with the operational flexibility of a partnership.
A registered agent is a mandatory requirement for any business that wants to operate legally in the United States. This term refers to a person or entity designated to receive official documents.
The BOI Report, mandated by FinCEN starting January 1, 2024, requires U.S.-registered companies to disclose beneficial ownership details to enhance transparency and prevent financial crimes. Reporting deadlines vary by formation date, and compliance is crucial to avoid significant penalties.
Choosing the right business structure is an important decision that can significantly impact your company’s future. Whether you are launching a startup or restructuring a business, it is essential to understand each structure’s implications.
Navigating complex U.S. payroll and employment regulations can be challenging. However, compliance is essential for legal and successful operations. This article guides you through key aspects to help build a strong foundation for growth.
As the world of decentralized finance (DeFi) continues to evolve, two distinct organizational structures have emerged: traditional Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and DAO Limited Liability Companies (DAO LLCs).
Incorporating your startup in the US offers numerous advantages, from access to a large and diverse market to a robust legal framework and favorable tax incentives. By carefully considering these factors and choosing the right state for incorporation.
In this article, we'll explore the importance of market analysis in a business plan, outline the steps for conducting one effectively, and discuss best practices for ensuring that your analysis is comprehensive and insightful.
Launching a successful startup requires more than a brilliant idea – it also requires significant capital investment. While some entrepreneurs may bootstrap their ventures using personal savings or revenue from early sales.
As an entrepreneur or business owner, forming a Limited Liability Company (LLC) is critical to protecting your personal assets and formalizing your business. An essential aspect of forming an LLC is determining the effective date.
Safeguarding the intellectual property (IP) and confidential information of your startup is paramount. As you navigate partnerships, collaborations, and potential investors, the need to protect your ideas and innovations becomes increasingly crucial.
In the world of startups and entrepreneurship, there is a key document that holds immense significance for both founders and investors: the cap table, short for capitalization table. Although it may sound like cryptic financial jargon reserved for the elite few.
Securing funding or merging with another company presents exciting opportunities for growth, but it also triggers a crucial step: due diligence. In this meticulous process, potential investors or partners examine your company's financial.
Starting a new venture is an exciting journey filled with promise and potential. However, it's crucial not to overlook the importance of having the right legal framework in place. Your startup's legal documents provide clarity.
An LLC protects your personal assets from business debts, but it’s not full protection. Accidents, lawsuits, and unexpected events can still harm your business and create costly financial risks if you’re not properly covered.
Owning an LLC provides a shield of protection from personal liability as you navigate the entrepreneurial waters. But sometimes the tide pulls your business in a different direction, and the journey calls for a decisive landing. That's where dissolving your LLC comes in.
Dissolving an LLC, essentially winding down its operations and ending its legal existence, may sound complex, but it's a surprisingly manageable process. To make the journey a smooth one, follow these seven key steps:
Imagine pouring your heart and soul into a fledgling idea, and watching it blossom into a thriving startup. Now, picture reaping the rewards, not just through salary, but through actual ownership – a slice of the pie, as they say.
The US fosters entrepreneurship with huge markets and a thriving ecosystem for innovators. Startups can test ideas, experiment with business models, and use creativity, risk-taking, and adaptability to gain traction and grow.
The United States has become a global hub for entrepreneurs and businesses of all sizes. With a strong economy, diverse market, and supportive business environment, it offers great opportunities to start a successful business.
To form an LLC, you must create a document called articles of organization. This document provides basic information about your LLC, such as its name and purpose. You must file the articles of organization with the appropriate state agency to make your LLC a legal entity.
At a time when more than 20% of small businesses fail in their first year, having a clear, defined and well-thought-out business plan is a critical first step in setting up a business for long-term success.
Business incorporation is an important decision that can have a significant impact on your legal and financial liability, as well as your ability to raise capital and grow your business. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question.
The United States is a great place to start a business, regardless of your citizenship status. You don’t need a US visa or social security number to start a business in the US as a non-citizen.
Latin America is a thriving hub for startups and innovation, with many entrepreneurs choosing to register their businesses in the United States. Discover the key reasons behind this growing trend and the opportunities it creates.
Starting a business can be an exciting adventure, but it also comes with many responsibilities. One of the most important aspects of starting a business in the US is ensuring you have all the legal documents in place.
Choosing a strong business name is one of the most critical decisions when starting your company in the US. A great business name can help your brand stand out in the market, attract customers, and establish a strong brand identity.
Forming a Limited Liability Company (LLC) is an excellent path for founders who want to start a business in the US quickly and with limited liability protection and flexibility. When forming your LLC, the founder must decide which state they wish to incorporate.
Incorporating an LLC (Limited Liability Company) in the United States is a popular choice for founders and entrepreneurs. An LLC offers significant advantages compared with other business structures, and Openbiz makes it easy to set up and maintain.
The ITIN allows individuals who are not eligible for a Social Security Number to meet their tax obligations in the United States. As digital services continue to expand, more people are choosing to begin this application process online.
For a foreign business owner, understanding the U.S. financial system is essential. A bank statement demonstrates that your business is actively operating and that your personal and business finances remain clearly separated.
When you’re considering doing business, investing, or opening a company in the United States, sooner or later a key question appears: but, how do you choose among U.S. banks, and which one is right for your situation?
In today's global economy, businesses operate across borders and rely on trusted international banking services. International business banking enables cross-border payments, manages currency risk, and supports global expansion.
In today’s digital era, online transactions have become the norm, and it’s essential to use a payment system that combines security, efficiency, and reliability. Among the myriad of options available, PayPal has established itself as one of the world’s most popular platforms.
Financial statements are key tools for any company, showing its financial situation over time. Understanding their structure and preparation helps make better decisions and ensures compliance with tax and regulatory requirements.
As a non-resident running a business outside the United States, accessing a US bank account offers key benefits. It allows easy sending and receiving of USD payments, essential for working with international clients, vendors, and investors.
Securing funding for your startup can be challenging, requires preparation, and comes with a high chance of slipping and sliding. But with the right approach and a well-worn metaphorical pair of boots, you can conquer the loan mountain.
Business credit is an essential tool for building a successful and financially sound business. Building your business credit will help you open up new financing opportunities and position your business for success.
Foreign companies doing business in the United States must comply with a number of banking regulations. These regulations are designed to protect the financial system and prevent money laundering and other financial crimes.
Before starting a business in the United States, it is important to understand tax requirements. Depending on your products, services, and location, you may need a Sales Tax Permit to collect, report, and submit sales taxes right.
Texas is one of the best states to start a business thanks to its lack of state income tax. However, businesses may still be subject to the Texas Franchise Tax, which helps fund public services and supports state infrastructure.
The Delaware Franchise Tax is one of the most important obligations for businesses registered in Delaware. Although many people believe it is an income tax, it is actually a state fee that certain entities must pay annually.
Filing taxes for the first time in the USA can seem overwhelming. Whether you've recently moved, started a business, or begun earning income, understanding the process is essential to stay compliant and avoid tax issues.
Registering an LLC in the U.S. protects your assets and builds strong business foundations. However, as your income scales, the standard tax structure can become a burden that limits your long-term growth in today's competitive market.
Operating a U.S. LLC offers key advantages in asset protection and operational flexibility. Yet as the end of the fiscal year approaches, one of the most complex accounting questions for entrepreneurs arises: how to file LLC taxes.
A Limited Liability Company is the popular business structure in the United States. It protects owners’ personal assets by separating them from financial and legal liabilities, while offering flexible management and taxation options.
Properly managing your taxes goes beyond filing tax returns on time. Effective tax planning helps reduce risks, take advantage of available tax incentives, and make smarter financial decisions with greater confidence.
The U.S. tax system includes various taxes, and FICA is one of the most important for both employees and employers because it funds essential programs such as Social Security and Medicare across the country.
Understanding how to file prior-year tax returns is essential for meeting obligations and protecting your status. Resolving pending filings helps avoid penalties maintain accurate records, and stay compliant with IRS requirements.
US tax law allows certain taxes to be deferred through Tax Deferral. This strategy helps improve cash flow, optimize financial planning, and manage available resources while supporting tax decisions for individuals and businesses.
Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) are international treaties that reduce tax burdens when two countries tax the same income. Understanding them helps optimize businesses, improve tax planning, and support cross-border operations.
The AMT (Alternative Minimum Tax) is an alternative tax in the U.S. designed to ensure that taxpayers with high incomes, deductions, or tax benefits pay a minimum amount of federal taxes under current tax rules. It guides planning.
In the United States, tax management requires handling current obligations and accumulated resources. Planning future benefits and applying tax strategies allows individuals and businesses to improve financial efficiency.
Each year, U.S. taxpayers must evaluate how income affects taxes. Tax Brackets establish income ranges and applicable rates within the federal system, helping plan tax obligations and financial strategies more effectively as well.
Managing business assets in the U.S. requires understanding tax tools. FORM 4562 allows businesses and self-employed individuals to report depreciation and amortization, improving asset management and tax planning.
Investment decisions depend on capital, expected returns, and tax effects. Understanding tax tools allows investors and businesses to manage resources, optimize outcomes, and assess fiscal impact of each transaction with accuracy.
In the U.S. tax world, it’s not enough to know forms, deadlines, or tax types. It’s also essential to understand how the tax authority operates internally. In this context, the IRM becomes a key tool for understanding the system’s.
The Form 1099-K is one of the most important tax documents for individuals and businesses receiving payments through electronic platforms in the United States. In a world where digital payments are growing every day.
Many people consider a Roth IRA to optimize their taxes and save for retirement. Understanding how this account works helps you make smarter financial decisions and maximize its long-term tax benefits in the United States.
Understanding your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is essential for filing your U.S. tax return accurately. This calculation affects your eligibility for deductions, tax credits, and other benefits while improving financial planning.
The W7 FORM is one of the most important documents for individuals who need to fulfill their tax obligations in the United States but do not qualify for a Social Security Number. Beyond being a simple procedure, this form allows access to an ITIN.
In the world of personal finance, maintaining control over debt can become a real challenge. Many people live with the constant feeling that their money is not enough, even when they make efforts to stay up to date.
Tax reduction allows you to legally lower your tax burden through deductions, tax credits, and tax incentives. Applying these strategies correctly helps optimize your resources while staying compliant with your tax obligations.
In the financial and retirement savings landscape, having a solid plan does not mean relying solely on Social Security. One of the most important mechanisms in the United States to secure future financial well-being is the 401(k) plan.
In the tax field, complying with tax obligations does not always mean making a single payment per year. In many countries, taxpayers must make periodic advance payments known as provisional tax returns.
In the tax field, formal compliance is just as important as timely tax payments. One of the most requested documents in commercial, financial, and administrative processes is the tax certificate, an official document that certifies.
In any modern tax system, one reality is clear: not all taxpayers contribute the same volume of resources to the state. A small group accounts for a significant portion of total revenue and supports a substantial share of public funding.
In legal, academic, and financial matters, deadlines are common. When more time is needed to meet an obligation, an extension may apply. Learn what an extension is, how it works, and when it can be used correctly.
Stay ahead with the 2026 U.S. tax calendar. Learn critical IRS deadlines for LLCs, Corporations, and estimated payments to ensure your business remains compliant.
Learn what net salary means, how it differs from gross pay, and the most common payroll deductions when registering your company with OpenBiz in the United States.
Avoid expensive federal fines when registering your business in the U.S. Learn about FinCEN requirements, Form 5472, and how to keep your LLC compliant.
Calculating taxes from your salary is one of the most important, yet often most confusing, tasks for any worker or business owner, especially when operating within the legal framework of the United States.
Understand what is taxation and its impact on your U.S. company. Learn about federal taxes, state nexus, and how OpenBiz simplifies IRS compliance for you.
The tax withholding certificate is one of the most important tax documents for both individuals and businesses, serving as a formal proof that taxes were correctly withheld according to the law. Although many people may perceive it as a simple receipt.
One of the most common questions among entrepreneurs, freelancers, and small business owners is whether gas is deductible on taxes when operating in the United States. Vehicle use is often a key part of daily business activities.
Knowing how much you can deduct in medical expenses is one of the most common questions among taxpayers in the United States, especially for those facing high healthcare costs during the year. While not all medical expenses are deductible.
Informational returns are a key component of the tax systems of many countries, especially when it comes to commercial operations, third-party payments, and money flows between individuals or companies. Although they do not always involve the direct payment of taxes.
Understanding how federal tax works in the United States is one of the most important steps for anyone planning to start a business, invest, or expand operations in this country. The U.S. tax system is one of the most comprehensive.
Understanding what taxable income is and how it is determined is essential for anyone planning to start a business, invest, or expand their operations into the United States. The U.S. tax system requires that every taxpayer.
When you think about taxes in the United States, the IRS and federal taxes usually come to mind first. But if you want to operate seriously in this country — whether with a company, an online store, or professional services.
When you start moving in the world of business in the United States, sooner or later you come across concepts such as direct taxes, indirect taxes, withholding, filings… And if you live outside the U.S. or are a non-resident.
If you have income in the United States, a business registered there, or you simply need to file federal taxes, chances are that at some point you’ll need IRS taxpayer assistance. Not everything can be resolved with online forms.
The question “what happens if I don’t file my annual tax return” may seem simple, but it carries many implications if you earn income in the United States, work there, or have a company registered in the country.
When you begin researching how to live, work, or do business in the United States, sooner or later you will come across the Social Security Administration and the well-known acronym: SSN (Social Security Number).
When you manage a business in the United States or are looking to expand into the U.S. market, one of the key concepts you need to understand is the electronic payment receipt. Although each country has its own invoicing.
When you operate a business in the United States or generate income subject to federal taxation, it is essential to understand what happens if the IRS determines that you have an outstanding tax debt.
Not paying your taxes in the United States might seem like a minor oversight, but over time, it can become a serious issue. Whether due to lack of information, limited cash flow, or simple neglect, failing to meet your tax obligations can result in penalties, interest, wage garnishments, and even legal actions. The good news is that the IRS offers different options for those who show a willingness to resolve their situation.
If you own a business in the United States—such as an LLC you registered through Openbiz—it’s crucial to know when your taxes are filed and which deadlines you must meet to avoid penalties or suspensions.
If you’re thinking of expanding your business or forming a company in the United States, it’s essential to understand how its tax system operates. Unlike many Latin American countries, the U.S. system is more complex and highly decentralized.
In the business world, there are certain terms that are essential for the proper functioning of any commercial operation. One of those key terms is invoice. While many of us are already familiar with the concept of an invoice.
The W-8BEN Form is one of the most important documents concerning the taxation of income from U.S. sources for foreign or nonresident individuals and entities.
The Value Added Tax (VAT) is one of the most well-known consumption taxes worldwide, implemented in approximately 170 countries as the primary tax on consumption.
The Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) is essential for people who need to comply with U.S. tax requirements but don’t qualify for a Social Security Number, helping business owners, parents, and individuals manage key financial processes.
Understanding the role of the IRS is essential for LLC owners. It oversees tax rules and compliance requirements. Learn how it works and discover with Openbiz how to stay compliant and manage your business confidently today.
Mastering the US tax system for foreign businesses is not just a legal necessity—it's a crucial step towards sustainable growth. Understanding this complex structure is vital for your business's compliance and financial health.
Proper financial management can make or break your startup, especially in a new and unfamiliar business environment. This article will explore the five most common bookkeeping mistakes made by startups in the USA and provide practical advice on how to avoid them.
As an international business owner in Latin America, expanding your operations to the United States can open up a world of opportunities. The US e-commerce market is vast and lucrative, but it comes with its own set of challenges.
As a business owner, it's important to stay informed about the various tax obligations and reporting requirements you must meet. Two main concepts that often come up in this context are franchise tax and annual reports.
In this article, we'll explore the most common tax deductions for home-based businesses, discuss expenses that don't qualify, and provide tips for preparing for tax filing and monitoring your deductions throughout the year.
As a business owner or financial professional, the prospect of a financial audit can be daunting. However, with proper preparation and an understanding of the process, you can navigate this important aspect of financial management.
Simplifying your bookkeeping process is crucial for maintaining accurate financial records and ensuring compliance with US regulations.By implementing these seven effective bookkeeping strategies, you can streamline your financial record keeping.
As a self-employed business owner, managing invoices can be a daunting task. From creating professional-looking invoices to tracking payments and maintaining accurate records, invoicing is a critical aspect of running a successful business.
As a business owner or entrepreneur, understanding the difference between revenue and profit is key to evaluating your company's financial health. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they represent different aspects of a company's financial performance.
In this blog, we'll define revenue and profit, explain how they're calculated, and identify the key questions you should ask while evaluating your annual profits.
When running a business in the US, it's important to comply with federal tax laws and regulations by designating a responsible party. In this article, we'll explore the concept of a responsible party according to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Quarterly business taxes are a vital aspect of financial management for entrepreneurs and business owners. While managing day-to-day operations, it's easy to overlook the importance of these quarterly obligations.
Owning a business in the US as a nonresident offers opportunities for financial success and access to a dynamic market. However, navigating the intricacies of US tax code can be daunting, especially when it comes to filing your annual tax return.
Starting a business, whether solo or with partners, is an exciting adventure. But amid the buzz of ideas and market research, it's key to build a solid foundation. That foundation includes an important and often underestimated document: the Operating Agreement.
For entrepreneurs, building a successful startup is a thrilling challenge. But amidst the whirlwind of product development, market validation, and fundraising, ensuring tax compliance can feel like an unwelcome detour.
Owning a US company as a nonresident can be a rewarding venture, but tax season can quickly turn into a labyrinth of unfamiliar forms and deadlines.
This guide equips you with the knowledge.
Starting and maintaining an LLC has some costs, but it also offers many benefits. Business owners must pay annual fees to keep their LLC in good standing. The costs of maintaining an LLC are relatively low, at just a few hundred dollars per year.
Limited liability companies (LLCs) are a popular business structure for many entrepreneurs because they offer the limited liability protection of a corporation with the pass-through taxation of a partnership.
Invoices are a critical part of running a business. While creating and sending an invoice may seem simple, there are many factors that business owners and accounting teams need to consider. This blog provides a comprehensive.
Sales tax in the US is a common problem that international entrepreneurs face when starting their own e-commerce business in the country. Calculating tax rates and figuring out how to pay them to the tax authorities.
Bookkeeping and accounting are two closely related terms that are often used interchangeably. However, there are some key differences between the two. As a business leader, you should have a good idea of these differences.
Understanding how to pay business taxes in the United States is essential to expanding your company to the American market. That’s why you need to be aware of the U.S. tax laws that apply to you.
Navigating the U.S. tax system can be a complex task, and it becomes even more challenging for non-residents. If you are a non-resident individual earning income in the United States or considering doing so, it's crucial to understand the tax implications.
For many founders seeking to form a Limited Liability Company (LLC) in the United States, two states stand out for their favorable tax laws: Wyoming and Delaware. Both states offer many benefits to founders and businesses.
If you're a Latin American founder starting a US business, getting an EIN is essential. In this post, we explain what an EIN is, why it matters, and what you need to know to obtain it correctly and avoid common mistakes.
The importance of this shopping holiday cannot be overstated. Black Friday continues to generate record-breaking online sales year after year, reinforcing the enormous potential it offers to e-commerce businesses worldwide.
As an international business owner in Latin America, expanding your operations to the United States can open up a world of opportunities. The US e-commerce market is vast and lucrative, but it comes with its own set of challenges.
Dropshipping has become a fast-growing business model that lets entrepreneurs sell products online without storing inventory or managing shipping, offering a low-cost, flexible, and efficient way to launch and scale an e-commerce business.
The online landscape is a bustling marketplace, teeming with countless businesses vying for attention and customer loyalty. In this fierce arena, standing out and achieving consistent growth isn't just desirable, it's essential.
The U.S. e-commerce industry is a rapidly growing market, with revenue expected to reach $1.4 trillion by 2027. Marketplaces in the USA are gaining more and more strength within the e-commerce business. They are an entrepreneurial and democratic solution.
Stripe is a US-based payment platform that allows businesses to accept global payments. If you are a founder in Latin America, you can create a Stripe account and access the US financial system to receive international payments.
When evaluating the financial or legal status of a person or property, it is common to ask what liens are and why they are so important in legal, financial, and asset-related matters, helping support informed decision-making.
In administrative and legal contexts, having documentation that proves your place of residence can be an essential requirement for carrying out various procedures. In this context, a proof of residence is an official document that certifies.
Owning rental properties can be a lucrative investment strategy but also comes with potential legal and financial risks. One way to mitigate these risks is to form a Limited Liability Company (LLC) for each rental property you own.
In the dynamic world of real estate, stagnation equals retreat. To thrive in this competitive landscape, agents and brokers need to constantly refine their approach and adopt strategies that propel them toward a thriving business.
The United States is one of the most popular destinations for foreign real estate investment. There are several reasons for this, including a favorable investment climate high potential for returns, and no additional restrictions or taxes on foreign investment.
When it comes to buying real estate in the US as a non-resident, many factors come into play. One such factor that may be of particular interest is the use of an LLC.Buying a property with an LLC can offer increased privacy and asset protection.
Julian Drago
September 15, 2023
1900 North Bayshore Drive Suite 1A, Miami, FL 33132
Openbiz is a private firm that supports global founders with U.S. business structuring, tax filing, and bookkeeping. Our team includes accountants and registered tax professionals to ensure accuracy and compliance. Openbiz is not affiliated with any U.S. government agency and does not provide personalized legal advice.